Data trends at meteoLCD: 1998 to 2021
Trends computed from yearly averages at meteoLCD,
Diekirch, Luxembourg.
Graphs may be freely copied and used, under the condition to cite:
MASSEN, Francis: Data trends at meteoLCD, 1998 to 2021. https://meteo.lcd.lu
Older trends are here!
Attention: in all trend equations (y = a+b*x) the variable x represents the year, with x = 1 for the first year in the trend period (usually 1998).
Most important conclusions from 1998 (2002, 2008) to 2021:
1. Significant increase in sunshine duration since 2008 by
130
hours*decade-1 , but decrease in 2021.
2. Local temperatures show warming of 0.09°C/y since 2002
(2018 was a strong El Nino year), but a spectacular cooling during 2021
3. Diurnal temperature range (DTR) trend since 1998 is positive (= no
anthropogenic warming fingerprint ).
4. The winter trend since 2002 shows a warming of +1.4 °C*decade-1
; this positive trend is also shown by the winter NAO index (+0.4 °C*decade-1)
5. Since 1998 the ground O3 trend is positive (but falling during the
last 2 years), from
2002 to 2020 the
total thickness of the ozone
layer slightly decreases by 9.3 DU*decade-1
6. Local CO2 mixing ratio continues to increase at about 5.8 ppmV per
year; the asymptotic background is ca. 4 ppm higher to that measured at Mauna Loa
(latitude adjusted).
7. The trend of the biologically effective yearly UVB dose is
distinctly positive from 2008
to 2021
(like solar energy and sunshine); note visible decrease in all solar
parameters in 2021.
8. The trend of the UVA dose is distinctly positive from 2008 to 2020 (as
eff. UVB, solar irradiance and sunshine hours)
9. Precipitation (rainfall) shows a sinusoidal pattern of close to a 5
years period.
10. Energy content of moist air (enthalpy) shows a positive trend
11. The fine particles PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations are low, and
are well synchronized with those at Beidweiler.
NO/NOx measurements have been definitively stopped at the end of 2017.
Ground
Ozone [ug/m3] ("bad ozone") Mean +/- stdev
of Mean
+/- stdev (from yearly means)
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Total
Ozone Column [DU]
("good ozone") Mean and stdev of the year 2021: 320.6 +/- 41.3 DU minimum : 236.3 (22 Oct) maximum: 461.2 (14 Apr) Trend since 2002 is slightly negative: -9 DU/decade. 183 common day
direct sun readings for 2021 at Uccle and Diekirch (ony Jan to Nov, as
Uccle Dec21 data still not available, 24-Mar_22):
Calibration
multiplier to apply to the Diekirch DU data
[55] and
[56] |
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CO2
mixing ratio in ppmV
Attention: The instrument for measuring CO2 (API Teledyne E600) has been replaced by a Vaisala GMP343 sensor the 27 Jun 2017. The jump from 2017 to 2018 seems implausible high, so a zero bias should be considered possible! Mean and stdev of the year 2021: 449.0 +/- 32.2 ppmV (yearly average of the Airvisual Pro sensor = 430.6 ppmV) The 1998-2001 data are too unreliable to be retained
for the trend analysis.
The second picture zooms on the last 4 years, and
gives the readings of Diekirch (DIK), Mauna Loa (MLO)
from 2018 to 2021; and Hohenpeissenberg (HPB) from 2018 to 2020 as 2021 data are not yet available for HPB. Note the very
different elevations! Mauna Loa has no vegetation at all, Diekirch and HPB
similar grass and forests.
Be careful with the Vaisala readings, as the Vaisala GPM343 might not give the same accuracy as the former API! These readings also are given for local atm. pressure and non-dried air!
The CO2 data (monthly averages) show the summer-time lows, which reflect the impact of variable seasonal photo-synthesis (see here). A simple 12 month periodic sinus pattern was also found in 2014, 2015, 2020. Actually, as shown in addendum 3, the CO2 lowering intensity of wind speed seems to be an important modifier of this pattern, possibly masking the effect (or better: the non-effect) of photosynthesis. This happened in 2016 and 2017.
This year 2021 the yearly amplitude of the sinus fit is
6.82 ppmV (a total swing of ~13.6 ppmV, to be compared to about 12.4 ppmV at the HPB station for 2019 [48]).
See the end of addendum 3 for a picture of CO2 versus windspeed.
In the addendum 3 I describe our model to calculate an asymptotic CO2 mixing ratio. The plot shows how these values vary since 2002. The last 4 data points suggest a yearly increase of 5.6 ppmV since 2018.
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Air
temperature [°C]
Mean and stdev of the year 2021
(from monthly averages):
1998 to 2021 :
10.70 +/- 0.82 °C The
sensor location has not been moved since 2002! Sensor is a PT100
(see comments in
2015_only.xls); new 4-20mA
amplifier (with calibration) installed the 4th May 2016. Note the sharp
cooling in 2021 which brings back temperature to the year 2016 level.
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Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR) [°C]
DTR = daily max - daily min temperature
Mean DTR at Diekirch:
For 1998 to 2021: all trends are positive, the 24hmin
trend is lower than the 24hmax trend. The BEST observational data set for Luxembourg [29] stops at 2013. For our latitude of 50° North, BEST shows a positive DTR trend for the period 1988 to 2011, whereas theCMIP5 multi-model mean gives a similar but negative trend... so much for the concordance between climate models and observations! |
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Winter temperatures [°C] Values of winter DJF temperature of the year 2021: (Dec2020, Jan & Feb2021) Diekirch: 4.84 Findel: 2.90 DE: 1.80 (Germany) NOA: -0.42 NAO normalized index [47] The trends show warming winters since 2002 to 2021, with the warming probably caused by the NAO; the cooling for winter 2021 seems to confirm this.
Trends from 2002 to 2021: The plot shows the mean temperatures from
December (of previous year) to February. It also shows in
magenta the NAO index for the months Dec to Feb |
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Enthalpy of moist air in kJ/kg
Mean moist enthalpy of 2021: 32.30 +/- 14.59 kJ/kg See [24] on how the energy content of moist air is
calculated. Several authors, (e.g. Prof. Roger Pielke Sr.) insist that air
temperature is a poor metric for global warming/cooling, and that the energy
content of the moist air and/or the Ocean Heat Content (OHC) are better
metrics. |
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Total
Yearly Rainfall [mm]
Values of rainfall (precipitation) of the year 2021: Diekirch: 667.0 mm Findel: 764.0 mm
1998 - 2021 mean +/- stdev: 689.8 +/- 125.1 mm
The negative trend from 1998 to 2018 seems spectacular:
-80 mm/decade, caused by the very high values of 2000 and 2001.
Clearly precipitation shows an oscillation pattern, so linear trends should be taken with precaution (or simply seen as non-sensical).
A good model for the Diekirch data is a
sinus function: the calculation
(Levenberg-Marquart algorithm)
suggests for the interval 2002 - 2020 a 5.04 years period (~60 months, R2 =
0.41); in the model x = 0 corresponds to 2002), with a mean value of
656 mm and an
amplitude of 85 mm; the phase shift of 0.92 rad is close to 1/5 period. All
these values are similar to those of the preceding two years, but note that
the year 2018 is an outlier! The oscillatory rainfall pattern is a good example how foolish it is to apply linear regressions to data when these are harmonic, something the media, activist groups and many politicians often do without much thinking. |
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Solar
energy on a horizontal plane
Values of total solar energy of
the year 2021:
1998 to 2021 mean +/- stdev: 1119.3 +/- 50.0 kWh*m-2*y-1 |
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Sunshine hours (meteoLCD values derived from pyranometer data by Olivieri's method) Values of sunshine hours of the year 2021:
Trends: Note the sharp decline in 2021.
See paper
[23] by F. Massen
comparing 4 different methods to compute sunshine duration from pyranometer
The 2nd graph shows the plots of the four above-mentioned stations. It should be noted that meteoLCD (Diekirch) is located in a valley, Findel, Trier and Maastricht airport on top of a plateau. The Findel totals are much higher than those of the other stations, which certainly is also partially caused by the use of the Campbell-Stokes instrument known to give too high readings. All 4 stations give totals that practically always vary in the same manner (synchronous increase and decrease). The trends of all 4 stations are strongly positive since 2008 and quite similar: those of Diekirch (+130 h/decade), Findel (+86h/decade) and Maastricht (+111 h/decade) are practically the same, Trier-Petrisberg 118 h/decade). All stations show distinct decline in sunshine hours in 2021.
These strong positive trends probably suffice to explain the warming since 2008: The correlations between mean temperature are yearly sunshine hours are positive for the 4 stations, and these correlations are statistically significant at the alpha = 0.95 level for Findel and Trier. - see the last multi-graph figure for the temp-versus-sunshine relationship at the 4 stations meteoLCD, Findel Airport, Maastricht Airport and Trier-Petrisberg. |
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Biologically
eff. UVB dose on a horizontal plane in kWh/m2
Erythemal UVB dose of the year 2021: 0.131 eff. kWh/m2 (down from 0.153 in 2020) mean +/- stdev: 1998 to 2021: 0.125 +/- 0.0006 eff. kWh*m-2y-1 2002 to 2021: 0.128 +/- 0.0005 2008 to 2021: 0.110 +/- 0.0014 The trend over
2002 - 2021 is slightly positive, the trend line from 2008 to 2021
distinctly positive, in concordance with solar irradiance and sunshine
hours. . See
[10]
and [22] (poster finds slight
positive trend in June (+2%) and negative trend in August (-1%), no trend
for other months, for period 1991 to 2008. |
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UVA
dose on a horizontal plane in kWh/m2
UVA dose of the year 2021: 52.6 KWh/m2 (down from 58.6 in 2020) Some intermittent problems with internal temperature stabilization of the sensor; the influence seems minimal, so all readings have been kept.
mean +/- stdev: The 4 independent measures of solar irradiance, sunshine hours, eff.UVB and UVA doses all point to a strong increase since 2008, and a noticeable decrease from 2020. |
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NOx,
NO and NO2
concentration in ug/m3 (End of measurements useable for trends in 2013. Measurements stopped in 2017). Attention: only
78% of possible measurements available due to sensor downtime!
see [11] which gives ~30% reduction from 1990 to 2005 for the EU-15 countries. |
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References:
Addendum
1 2014 update! |
Lindzen & Choi [19] define the non-feedback
climate sensitivity as ΔT0 = G0*ΔF, where G0
= 0.25 Wm-2 and ΔF is the change in radiative forcing.
A change in solar irradiance of -0.82 kWh*m-2y-1 (decade 2005 to
2014) corresponds to ΔF
= - 820/8760 = -0.09 Wm-2 and should yield a cooling of ΔT0
= -0.25*0.09 = -0.02 K (or °C).per year. The meteoLCD measurements
give a cooling of 0.0057 Ky-1, about 3 times less. Scafetta [20] defines a climate sensitivity in respect to changes in solar radiation by k1s = ΔT/ΔF and finds k1s = 0.053. Our data for the decade 2005 to 2014 give ΔT/ΔF= - 0.0057/(-0.09) = 0.06, a value close to that of Scafetta!. Summary for the 2005 to 2014 decade:
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Addendum 2 2018 update!
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It makes for an interesting exercise to compare
the influence of mean yearly solar forcing on moist enthalpy and air
temperature for the 17 years period 2002 to 2018.
Both air temperature and moist enthalpy are positively correlated to changes in solar forcing ( = mean solar irradiance). The Pearson correlation between mean solar irradiance and moist enthalpy is 0.73 and is significant at the p = 0.05 level, whereas the correlation between mean solar irradiance and temperature is 0.42 (not significant). A change of 1 Wm-2 of mean solar irradiance would cause a (big!) average heating of 0.5 °C per decade and a change of 0.9 kJ/kg of moist enthalpy per decade. Possibly taking into account some lag (as for instance 4 months for temperature lagging solar forcing) would change these numbers. Our temperature measurements give a heating of 0.7°C/decade for the same period (Findel shows 0.5°/decade), which is close to the correlation given if the solar irradiance was the unique warming influence!
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<\table>
Addendum
3 |
A short
analysis of the seasonal CO2 pattern in 2014. The mean monthly CO2 data show an oscillatory pattern which can be modeled by a 6 month period sine wave. This is not consistent with the commonly admitted explication that the summer lows and winter highs are a fingerprint of changing photosynthesis, which should lead to a single annual sinus wave (as in 2013). The 6 month period is essentially caused by the low Jan, Feb and Dec values, and is replaced by the usual 12 period if these months are omitted. The right figure shows the monthly mean CO2 and monthly mean wind speeds. Clearly low wind goes with high CO2, independent of the seasons (significant correlation R = -0.86 !) The next figure gives the CO2 mixing ratios versus the monthly mean wind speed; the usual exponential model beautifully describes this pattern. The horizontal asymptote of 395.5 ppmV should correspond to the background CO2 level, as shown in [21]. There is some debate about the (global) changes of the seasonal CO2 amplitude, which seems to increase due to global greening [41], agricultural green revolution [43], changing air trans-continental circulation [42] and possibly other unknown factors. Look also at the presentation [44]. Locally it seems that the effects of higher/lower wind speeds and photosynthesis are difficult to untangle. If we restrict our data to those days where the mean wind speed is less than 1, the correlation between CO2 and wind speed is lower (-0.76) but still significant. Curiously all the papers studying this seasonal amplitude problem seem to ignore the influence of changing wind speeds.
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The same
analysis for 2015 Here again higher wind speeds usually go together with lower CO2 levels (notice the exception on March!), but the monthly mean values do not follow the usual model well.
If we take all 17520 individual measurements, the picture becomes clearer, and we find that our "bumerang" model follows reasonably well the overall pattern. The horizontal asymptote suggest a background CO2 level of about 389 ppmV, which seems a bit low.
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The same
analysis for 2016 (wind speed from cup anemometer) The high wind speeds lower the January , February (and December) values which normally should be higher; so the "usual" sinus pattern with a trough during the summer months is mostly absent.
Using all CO2 measurements of the year, we find again our boomerang pattern; the usual model has a better R2 than in 2015, but the asymptotic value of 383 is definitively too low!
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CO2
versus wind speed for 2017 (wind speed by cup anemometer): The Mauna Loa average CO2 mixing ratio for 2017 is 406.6, which would suggest that our asymptotic value of 392.3 is too low. If we use only the measurements by the new Vaisala GMP343 sensor, the asymptotic value becomes 395.7.
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CO2
versus wind speed for 2018 (wind speed by cup anemometer, 17520 data
points): The Mauna Loa average CO2 mixing ratio for 2018 is 408.5, so our asymptotic value of 406 is quite close. The R2 of the model (the goodness of the fit) is also quite acceptable: R2 = 0.50. All parameters are significant at the 5% level (alpha = 0.95).
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CO2
versus wind speed for 2019 (wind speed by cup anemometer, 17520 data
points): The Mauna Loa average CO2 mixing ratio for 2019 is 411.44, so our asymptotic value of 411 is practically the same! The R2 of the model (the goodness of the fit) is also quite acceptable: R2 = 0.52. All parameters are significant at the 5% level (alpha = 0.95).
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CO2
versus wind speed for 2020 (wind speed by cup anemometer, 17568 data
points):
The Mauna Loa average CO2 mixing ratio for 2020 is
414, so our asymptotic value of 417 is very close, keeping in mind
that CO2 levels increase slightly with latitude! CO2 versus wind speed for 2021 (wind speed by cup anemometer, 17568 data points):
The Mauna Loa average CO2 mixing ratio for 2021 is
416.5, so our asymptotic value of 422.6 is close, keeping in mind
that CO2 levels increase slightly with latitude!
The December 2020 CO2 readings at the
Hohenpeissenberg station near Munich were 420.9 ppmV
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file: meteolcd_trends.html
History:
09 Mar 2020: Update to include 2019 data finished; not all addendum's updated to 2019
04 Apr 2020: Added Addendum 4 with the fine particle measurements of 2019
20 Jan 2021: Started update to 2020 data
05 Feb 2021: Update to 2020 finished.